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1 production of textiles
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > production of textiles
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2 production
[prəʹdʌkʃ(ə)n] n1. производство, изготовление; выработка; добычаmass /quantity, high-volume/ production, production in bulk - массовое производство
batch /lot/ production - а) серийное производство; б) изготовление продукции партиями
in-line, production, production on the line - поточное производство
production car - серийный /серийно выпускаемый, массовый/ автомобиль
production run - вчт. а) производственный счёт; б) эксплуатация
production of coal [of ore, of oil] - добыча угля [руды, нефти]
production of textiles - выработка /производство/ текстильных изделий
production and consumption - полит.-эк. производство и потребление
costs of production, production costs - полит.-эк. издержки производства
mode of production - полит.-эк. способ производства
process of production, production process - а) производственный процесс; б) технология
relations of production - полит.-эк. производственные отношения
pilot production - опытное /опытно-промышленное/ производство
production control - планирование, регулирование или контроль производства
production engineering - а) организация производственного процесса; б) технологическое проектирование
production line - поточная линия; технологическая линия
production unit - а) единица продукции; б) производственная единица
to be in production - действовать ( о предприятии); работать
the new car is now in production - начато серийное производство автомобиля новой модели
2. производительность, выработка; добычаweekly [monthly] production - недельная [месячная] производительность /выработка/
production rate - производительность; норма выработки
3. продукция, продукт, изделие4. 1) постановка (пьесы, фильма и т. п.)a new production of ❝Hamlet❞ - новая постановка «Гамлета»
production manager - а) начальник производственного отдела ( киностудии); б) директор кинокартины
2) произведение (литературы, искусства)5. предъявление (билета и т. п.)6. проведение (линии и т. п.)7. физ. образование, генерация, генерирование; рождение ( частиц)8. биол. продуцирование9. юр. предъявление в суде документа10. вчт.1) продукция2) правило вывода, порождающее правило (тж. production rule) -
3 production
1. n производство, изготовление; выработка; добычаmass production, production in bulk — массовое производство
in-line, production, production on the line — поточное производство
costs of production, production costs — издержки производства
production control — планирование, регулирование или контроль производства
production line — поточная линия; технологическая линия
2. n производительность, выработка; добыча3. n продукция, продукт, изделиеroll-to-roll production — продукция, сматываемая в рулон
production language — продукционный язык; язык продукций
4. n постановка5. n произведение6. n предъявлениеproduction in court — предъявление суду, представление в суд
7. n проведение8. n физ. образование, генерация, генерирование; рождение9. n биол. продуцирование10. n юр. предъявление в суде документа11. n правило вывода, порождающее правилоСинонимический ряд:1. creation (noun) construction; creation; engendering; making; manufacture; manufacturing; origination; producing2. crop (noun) crop; harvest; yield3. exhibition (noun) composition; display; drama; exhibition; opus; performance; piece; stage show; staging; work; work of art4. extension (noun) elongation; extension; lengthening; prolongation; prolongment; protraction5. output (noun) output; outturn; produce; product; turnout6. play (noun) play; presentation; show -
4 production
1. производство; изготовление2. продукция; изделие3. произведение4. производительность, выработкаbook production — книжное производство; изготовление книг
5. картонажное производство6. картонажная продукцияproduction language — продукционный язык; язык продукций
two-up production — продукция, печатаемая двойником
7. изготовление прессованного картона8. изделие из прессованного картона9. газетное производствоmass production, production in bulk — массовое производство
10. газетная продукция11. полиграфическое производствоmass production — массовое, серийное, поточное производство
12. печатная продукцияproduction rule — порождающее правило; продукция
13. производство печатных машин14. полиграфическое машиностроениеroll-to-roll production — продукция, сматываемая в рулон
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5 textiles
текстиль; текстильные изделия; тканиСинонимический ряд:fabric (noun) cloth; dry goods; fabric; goods; material; stuff; synthetics; weave; yard goods -
6 production
prəˈdʌkʃən сущ.
1) производство, получение;
изготовление;
добыча;
выработка to decrease, roll back production ≈ уменьшить объемы производства to increase, speed up, step up production ≈ увеличить объемы производства That model won't go into production before late
1990. ≈ Эта модель будет запущена в производство не ранее конца 1990 года. coal production ≈ добыча угля oil production ≈ добыча нефти steel production ≈ производство стали production workers ≈ рабочие (в отличие от служащих) Syn: manufacture, making
2) продукция;
изделия We needed to increase the volume of production. ≈ Нам необходимо увеличить объем продукции. Syn: output, produce
3) производительность, продуктивность, эффективность;
объем выработки production standard ≈ норма выработки Syn: productivity, output
4) а) постановка( пьесы, кинокартины) For this production she has learned the role in Spanish. ≈ Для этого спектакля она выучила роль на испанском языке. б) художественное произведение, произведение искусства в) ведение телевизионной передачи;
выпуск телевизионных программ
5) предъявление( документа и т. п.) on production of one's pass ≈ по предъявлении пропуска
6) физ. образование, генерация, генерирование;
рождение (частиц)
7) биол. продуцирование These proteins stimulate the production of blood cells. ≈ Эти белки стимулируют продуцирование кровяных клеток.
8) вчт. правило вывода;
правило продукции;
правило подстановки производство, изготовление;
выработка;
добыча - mass *, * in bulk массовое производство изготовление продукции партиями производственный счет эксплуатация - * of coal добыча угля - * of textiles выработка текстильных изделий производственный процесс технология - relations of * (политэкономия) производственные отношения организация производственного процесса технологическое проектирование - * planning производственное планирование - * line поточная линия;
технологическая линия единица продукции производственная единица - * plane серийный самолет - to be in * действовать( о предприятии) ;
работать - the new car is now in * начато серийное производство автомобиля новой модели производительность, выработка;
добыча - weekly * недельная производительность - * rate производительность;
норма выработки продукция, продукт, изделие - the newest * of the factories новейшая продукция заводов постановка (пьесы, фильма) - a new * of "Hamlet" новая постановка "Гамлета" начальник производственного отдела (киностудии) директор кинокартины - * script постановочный киносценарий - * still фотография рабочего момента (съемки кинофильма) произведение( литературы, искусства) предъявление (билета) - on * of one's pass по предъявлении пропуска проведение (линии) (физическое) образование, генерация, генерирование;
рождение (частиц) (биология) продуцирование (юридическое) предъявление в суде документа (компьютерное) продукция (компьютерное) правило вывода, порождающее правило agricultural ~ сельскохозяйственное производство annual ~ годовой объем производства batch ~ серийное производство bulk ~ массовое производство daily ~ дневная выработка daily ~ дневная производительность excess ~ перепроизводство full-scale ~ серийное производство household ~ домашнее производство (товары и услуги, произведенные и потребленные в домашнем хозяйстве, без использования рыночных каналов) housing ~ жилищное строительство industrial ~ промышленное производство intermittent ~ выпуск продукции с перерывами job ~ изготовление продукции по заказам job ~ мелкосерийное производство large-scale ~ крупносерийное производство large-scale ~ массовое производство large-scale ~ серийное производство line ~ поточное производство line ~ размещение оборудования для поточного производства long-run ~ массовое производство monthly ~ месячная выработка monthly ~ месячная производительность municipal ~ муниципальное производство national ~ отечественное производство niche ~ продукция для незанятого рынка товаров oil ~ добыча нефти one-off ~ разовое производство own ~ собственное производство petty ~ мелкое производство potential ~ производственный потенциал primary ~ основное производство production выработка ~ добыча ~ изготовление ~ предъявление, представление( документа, доказательства и т.д.) ~ предъявление документа ~ продукция, изделия ~ продукция;
изделия ~ продукция ~ (художественное) произведение;
постановка (пьесы, кинокартины) ~ производительность, выработка, добыча ~ производительность;
выработка, добыча ~ производительность ~ производственный ~ производство, изготовление ~ производство;
изготовление;
production on a commercial scale производство в промышленном масштабе ~ производство ~ attr. производственный;
production standard норма выработки;
production workers рабочие (в отличие от служащих) ~ before court обращение в суд ~ for inspection предъявление для осмотра ~ for stock изготовление продукции на склад ~ in court обращение в суд ~ of evidence предъявление доказательств ~ of evidence предъявление улики ~ of evidence at alternative court показания свидетеля в альтернативном суде ~ of witness before court показания свидетеля в суде ~ производство;
изготовление;
production on a commercial scale производство в промышленном масштабе ~ attr. производственный;
production standard норма выработки;
production workers рабочие (в отличие от служащих) ~ attr. производственный;
production standard норма выработки;
production workers рабочие (в отличие от служащих) profitable ~ рентабельное производство quantity ~ поточно-массовое производство record ~ рекордный объем продукции scale ~ крупномасштабное производство scale ~ массовое производство serial ~ серийное производство series ~ серийное производство single piece ~ единичное производство single piece ~ индивидуальное производство single piece ~ штучное производство stock ~ создание запасов surplus ~ избыточное производство wholesale ~ массовое производство wholesale ~ производство для оптовой продажи wholesome ~ экологически чистое производствоБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > production
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7 scaling down production
1. сокращение объема выпуска изделий2. сокращающий объем выпуска изделийoverall production — общий уровень; объем производства
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > scaling down production
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8 specific electric energy production
English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > specific electric energy production
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9 standard production
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10 power production
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > power production
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11 electricity production
English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > electricity production
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12 power production
English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > power production
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13 textile
nounStoff, der* * *(a cloth or fabric made by weaving: woollen textiles; ( also adjective) the textile industry.) die Textilien(pl.); Textil-...* * *tex·tile[ˈtekstaɪl]I. n▪ \textiles pl Textilien pl, Textilwaren plthe production of \textiles used to be a cottage industry in this area die Textilherstellung erfolgte in dieser Gegend in Heimarbeit3. ECON▪ \textiles pl Textilwerte pl\textile mill [or plant] Textilfabrik f\textile tape Gewebeband nt\textile waste products Textilabfallprodukte pl* * *['tekstaɪl]1. adjTextil-2. nStoff m* * *A sa) Stoff mb) pl Textilwaren pl, Textilien plB adj Textil…:textile goods → A b* * *nounStoff, der* * *adj.Textil- präfix. -
14 textile
tex·tile [ʼtekstaɪl] nthe production of \textiles used to be a cottage industry in this area die Textilherstellung erfolgte in dieser Gegend in Heimarbeit;modifier (manufacturing, producer, product) Textil-, Gewebe-;\textile tape Gewebeband nt;\textile waste products Textilabfallprodukte ntpl -
15 mass
mass [mæs]1 noun∎ Textiles dyed in the mass teinté dans la masse(b) (large quantity or amount) masse f, quantité f;∎ a mass of documents une masse de documents;∎ a mass of work une quantité de travail;∎ the streets were a solid mass of people/traffic les rues regorgeaient de monde/de voitures∎ the dark mass of the mountains la masse sombre des montagnes(d) (majority) majorité f, plupart f;∎ the mass of the people are in favour of this policy la majorité des gens est favorable à cette politique;∎ in the mass dans l'ensemble∎ land mass masse f continentale(for all → communication, education) de masse; (large-scale → starvation, unemployment) à ou sur une grande échelle; (involving many → resignation) massif, en masse; (collective → funeral) collectif;∎ this product will appeal to a mass audience ce produit plaira à un large public∎ the crowds were massing in the square des milliers de personnes se massaient sur la place(troops) masser(a) the masses les masses fpl;∎ culture for the masses la culture à la portée de tous∎ we've got masses on en a plein;∎ masses of des masses de, plein de;∎ we ate masses of sweets on a mangé plein de bonbons►► mass circulation grande diffusion f, diffusion f de masse;mass communication communication f de masse;mass consumption consommation f de masse;mass culture culture f de masse;mass demonstration grande manifestation f;Marketing mass display présentation f en masse;mass distribution distribution f de masse, grande distribution f;mass distribution sector secteur m de la grande distribution;mass execution exécution f en masse;mass extinction extinction f de masse ou massive;mass grave charnier m;mass hypnosis hypnose f collective;mass hysteria hystérie f collective;mass mailing envoi m en nombre;mass market marché m de masse;mass marketing marketing m de grande consommation, marketing m de masse;mass media mass media mpl;mass meeting grand rassemblement m;mass murder tuerie f;Grammar mass noun nom m non comptable;Chemistry mass number nombre m de masse;mass production fabrication f ou production f en série;∎ it goes into mass production next week la production en série commence la semaine prochaine;mass protest protestation f en masse;Computing mass storage mémoire f de masse;mass suicide suicide m collectif;mass tourism tourisme m de masse;mass unemployment chômage m sur une grande échelle -
16 Singer, Isaac Merritt
[br]b. 27 October 1811 Pittstown, New York, USAd. 23 July 1875 Torquay, Devonshire, England[br]American inventor of a sewing machine, and pioneer of mass production.[br]The son of a millwright, Singer was employed as an unskilled labourer at the age of 12, but later gained wide experience as a travelling machinist. He also found employment as an actor. On 16 May 1839, while living at Lockport, Illinois, he obtained his first patent for a rock-drilling machine, but he soon squandered the money he made. Then in 1849, while at Pittsburgh, he secured a patent for a wood-and metal-carving machine that he had begun five years previously; however, a boiler explosion in the factory destroyed his machine and left him penniless.Near the end of 1850 Singer was engaged to redesign the Lerow \& Blodgett sewing machine at the Boston shop of Orson C.Phelps, where the machine was being repaired. He built an improved version in eleven days that was sufficiently different for him to patent on 12 August 1851. He formed a partnership with Phelps and G.B. Zieber and they began to market the invention. Singer soon purchased Phelps's interest, although Phelps continued to manufacture the machines. Then Edward Clark acquired a one-third interest and with Singer bought out Zieber. These two, with dark's flair for promotion and marketing, began to create a company which eventually would become the largest manufacturer of sewing machines exported worldwide, with subsidiary factories in England.However, first Singer had to defend his patent, which was challenged by an earlier Boston inventor, Elias Howe. Although after a long lawsuit Singer had to pay royalties, it was the Singer machine which eventually captured the market because it could do continuous stitching. In 1856 the Great Sewing Machine Combination, the first important pooling arrangement in American history, was formed to share the various patents so that machines could be built without infringements and manufacture could be expanded without fear of litigation. Singer contributed his monopoly on the needle-bar cam with his 1851 patent. He secured twenty additional patents, so that his original straight-needle vertical design for lock-stitching eventually included such refinements as a continuous wheel-feed, yielding presser-foot, and improved cam for moving the needle-bar. A new model, introduced in 1856, was the first to be intended solely for use in the home.Initially Phelps made all the machines for Singer. Then a works was established in New York where the parts were assembled by skilled workers through filing and fitting. Each machine was therefore a "one-off" but Singer machines were always advertised as the best on the market and sold at correspondingly high prices. Gradually, more specialized machine tools were acquired, but it was not until long after Singer had retired to Europe in 1863 that Clark made the change to mass production. Sales of machines numbered 810 in 1853 and 21,000 ten years later.[br]Bibliography12 August 1851, US patent no. 8,294 (sewing machine)Further ReadingBiographies and obituaries have appeared in Appleton's Cyclopedia of America, Vol. V; Dictionary of American Biography, Vol XVII; New York Times 25 July 1875; Scientific American (1875) 33; and National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production 1800–1932. TheDevelopment of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (provides a thorough account of the development of the Singer sewing machine, the competition it faced from other manufacturers and production methods).RLH -
17 Dickson, J.T.
[br]b. c.1920 Scotland[br]Scottish co-inventor of the polyester fibre, Terylene.[br]The introduction of one type of artificial fibre encouraged chemists to look for more. J.T.Dickson and J.R. Whinfield discovered one such fibre in 1941 when they derived polyester from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Dickson, a 21-year-old Edinburgh graduate, was working under Whinfield at the Calico Printers' Association research laboratory at Broad Oak Print Works in Accrington. He was put onto fibre research: probably in April, but certainly by 5 July 1941, a murky-looking resin had been synthesized, out of which Dickson successfully drew a filament, which was named "Terylene" by its discoverers. Owing to restrictions imposed in Britain during the Second World War, this fibre was developed initially by the DuPont Company in the USA, where it was marketed under the name "Dacron". When Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) were able to manufacture it in Britain, it acquired the brand name "Terylene" and became very popular. Under the microscope, Terylene appears identical to nylon: longitudinally, it is completely devoid of any structure and the filaments appear as glass rods with a perfectly circular cross-section. The uses of Terylene are similar to those of nylon, but it has two advantages. First, it can be heat-set by exposing the fabric to a temperature about 30°C higher than is likely to be encountered in everyday use, and therefore can be the basis for "easy-care" clothing such as drip-dry shirts. It can be blended with other fibres such as wool, and when pressed at a high temperature the creases are remarkably durable. It is also remarkably resistant to chemicals, which makes it particularly suitable for industrial purposes under conditions where other textile materials would be degraded rapidly. Dickson later worked for ICI.[br]Further ReadingFor accounts of the discovery of Terylene, see: J.R.Whinfield, 1953, Textile Research Journal (May). R.Collins, 1991, "Terylene", Historian 30 (Spring).Accounts of the introduction of svnthetic fibres are covered in: D.S.Lyle, 1982, Modern Textiles, New York.S.R.Cockett, An Introduction to Man-Made Fibres.G.R.Wray, Modern Yarn Production.RLH -
18 Bloch, Jacob
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1888[br]European inventor of a machine for cutting layers of cloth.[br]In mass production of garments, layers of cloth are laid out on top of each other and multiples of each different part are cut out at the same time. The first portable cutting machine was invented by Joseph Bloch in 1888. It was operated from a DC electricity supply and had a circular knife, which was difficult to use when cutting round curves. Therefore the cloth had to be raised on curves so that it would reach the furthest part of the circular blade. In the same year in the USA, G.P.Eastman produced a vertically reciprocating cutting machine with a straight blade.[br]Further ReadingC.Singer (ed.), 1978, A History of Technology, Vol. VI, Oxford: Clarendon Press (describes Bloch's invention).I.McNeil (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London: Routledge, pp. 850–2 (provides a brief description of the making-up trade).D.Sinclair, "The current climate for research and development in the European-clothing industry with particular reference to single ply cutting", unpublished MSc thesis, Salford University (discusses developments in garment production).RLH -
19 Carothers, Wallace Hume
[br]b. 27 April 1896 Burlington, Iowa, USAd. 29 April 1937 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American chemist, inventor of nylon.[br]After graduating in chemistry, Carothers embarked on academic research at several universities, finally at Harvard University. His earliest published papers, from 1923, heralded the brilliance and originality of his later work. In 1928, Du Pont de Nemours persuaded him to forsake the academic world to lead their new organic-chemistry group in a programme of fundamental research at their central laboratories at Wilmington, Delaware. The next nine years were extraordinarily productive, yielding important contributions to theoretical organic chemistry and the foundation of two branches of chemical industry, namely the production of synthetic rubber and of wholly synthetic fibres.Carothers began work on high molecular weight substances yielding fibres and introduced polymerization by condensation: polymerization by addition was already known. He developed a clear understanding of the relation between the repeating structural units in a large molecule and its physical chemical properties. In 1931, Carothers found that chloroprene could be polymerized much faster than isoprene, the monomer in natural rubber. This process yielded polychloroprene or neoprene, a synthetic rubber with improved properties. Manufacture began the following year, and the material has continued to be used for speciality rubbers.There followed many publications announcing new condensations polymers. On 2 January 1935, he obtained a patent for the formation of new polyamides, including one from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamene. After four years of development work, which cost Du Pont some $27 million, this new polyamide, or nylon, reached the stage of commercial production, beginning on 23 October 1938. Nylon stockings appeared the following year and 64 million were sold during the first twelve months. However, Carothers saw none of this spectacular success: he had died by his own hand in 1937, after a long history of gradually intensifying depression.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsElected to the National Academy of Science 1936 (he was the first industrial organic chemist to be so honoured).BibliographyH.M.Whitby and G.S.Whitby, 1940, Collected Papers of Wallace H.Carothers on Polymerisation, New York.Further ReadingR.Adams, 1939, memoir, Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 20:293–309 (includes a complete list of Carothers's sixty-two scientific papers and most of his sixty-nine US patents).LRDBiographical history of technology > Carothers, Wallace Hume
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20 Howe, Elias
[br]b. 9 July 1819 Spencer, Massachusetts, USAd. 3 October 1867 Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA[br]American inventor of one of the earliest successful sewing machines.[br]Son of Elias Howe, a farmer, he acquired his mechanical knowledge in his father's mill. He left school at 12 years of age and was apprenticed for two years in a machine shop in Lowell, Massachusetts, and later to an instrument maker, Ari Davis in Boston, Massachusetts, where his master's services were much in demand by Harvard University. Fired by a desire to invent a sewing machine, he utilized the experience gained in Lowell to devise a shuttle carrying a lower thread and a needle carrying an upper thread to make lock-stitch in straight lines. His attempts were so rewarding that he left his job and was sustained first by his father and then by a partner. By 1845 he had built a machine that worked at 250 stitches per minute, and the following year he patented an improved machine. The invention of the sewing machine had an enormous impact on the textile industry, stimulating demand for cloth because making up garments became so much quicker. The sewing machine was one of the first mass-produced consumer durables and was essentially an American invention. William Thomas, a London manufacturer of shoes, umbrellas and corsets, secured the British rights and persuaded Howe to come to England to apply it to the making of shoes. This Howe did, but he quarrelled with Thomas after less than one year. He returned to America to face with his partner, G.W.Bliss, a bigger fight over his patent (see I.M. Singer), which was being widely infringed. Not until 1854 was the case settled in his favour. This litigation threatened the very existence of the new industry, but the Great Sewing Machine Combination, the first important patent-pooling arrangement in American history, changed all this. For a fee of $5 on every domestically-sold machine and $1 on every exported one, Howe contributed to the pool his patent of 1846 for a grooved eye-pointed needle used in conjunction with a lock-stitch-forming shuttle. Howe's patent was renewed in 1861; he organized and equipped a regiment during the Civil War with the royalties. When the war ended he founded the Howe Machine Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1867, Engineer 24.Obituary, 1867, Practical Magazine 5.F.G.Harrison, 1892–3, Biographical Sketches of Pre-eminent Americans (provides a good account of Howe's life and achievements).N.Salmon, 1863, History of the Sewing Machine from the Year 1750, with a biography of Elias Howe, London (tells the history of sewing machines).F.B.Jewell, 1975, Veteran Sewing Machines, A Collector's Guide, Newton Abbot (a more modern account of the history of sewing machines).C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (covers the mechanical developments).D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production 1800–1932. TheDevelopment of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (examines the role of the American sewing machine companies in the development of mass-production techniques).RLH
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